Bond Enthalpy Formula

Estimate reaction enthalpy from bond energies

Formula

ΔHrxn = Σ(bonds broken) - Σ(bonds formed)

Breaking bonds requires energy (+); forming bonds releases energy (-).

Common Bond Energies (kJ/mol)

C-H: 413

C-C: 348

C=C: 614

O-H: 463

C=O: 799

O=O: 498

N-H: 391

N≡N: 945

H-H: 436

Example: CH₄ + 2O₂ → CO₂ + 2H₂O

Bonds broken: 4 C-H (4×413) + 2 O=O (2×498) = 1652 + 996 = 2648 kJ

Bonds formed: 2 C=O (2×799) + 4 O-H (4×463) = 1598 + 1852 = 3450 kJ

ΔHrxn = 2648 - 3450 = -802 kJ/mol

Answer: ΔH ≈ -802 kJ/mol (exothermic)

Notes

  • Bond energies are average values; actual values vary by molecular environment.
  • More accurate than bond energies: use standard enthalpies of formation.
  • Useful for estimating ΔH when thermodynamic data unavailable.

Related Calculators