Dilution Calculator

Dilution is the process of decreasing the concentration of a solution by adding more solvent. The amount of solute remains constant, but the total volume increases, resulting in lower concentration.

This equation works because the number of moles of solute remains constant during dilution. Since M = n/V, then n = M × V. Before dilution: n = M₁V₁. After dilution: n = M₂V₂. Since n is constant, M₁V₁ = M₂V₂.

No, V₁ and V₂ must be in the same units (both mL or both L). However, you don't need to convert to liters - as long as both volumes use the same unit, the equation works correctly.

Serial dilution is the stepwise dilution of a solution, where each dilution uses the previous dilution as the stock solution. It's used to create very dilute solutions or a range of concentrations for experiments.

1) Calculate V₂ (final volume needed). 2) Measure V₁ (initial volume) of stock solution into a volumetric flask. 3) Add solvent until the total volume reaches V₂. 4) Mix thoroughly. Always add acid to water, never water to acid for safety.

Use the rearranged formula: M₂ = (M₁ × V₁) / V₂. This tells you the final concentration after diluting V₁ of M₁ solution to a final volume of V₂.

Yes, M₁V₁ = M₂V₂ works for any solution where concentration is expressed as molarity (M). It also works with other concentration units (%, ppm, etc.) as long as you use the same unit for C₁ and C₂.

Common ratios include 1:10 (10-fold dilution), 1:100 (100-fold), 1:1000 (1000-fold). A 1:10 dilution means 1 part stock solution + 9 parts solvent = 10 parts total (M₂ = M₁/10).