Reaction Quotient (Q)

Compare Q with K to predict shift

Definition

For aA + bB ⇌ cC + dD:

Q = ([C]^c [D]^d) / ([A]^a [B]^b)

Same form as Kc but using current (not equilibrium) activities/concentrations. For gases, use partial pressures to write Qp.

Direction Prediction

  • Q < K: reaction shifts right (toward products)
  • Q = K: at equilibrium
  • Q > K: reaction shifts left (toward reactants)

Example

Given: A ⇌ B, K = 2.0; at some time [A]=0.50 M, [B]=0.60 M.

Q = [B]/[A] = 0.60/0.50 = 1.2; Q < K so reaction proceeds to the right.

Answer: Shifts toward products

FAQ

Do solids or liquids appear in Q?

No; activity is 1 for pure solids/liquids. Include only species with variable activity.

How does stoichiometry affect Q?

Exponents in Q come from stoichiometric coefficients in the balanced equation.

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