NMR Chemical Shift

Understanding ¹H and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy: chemical shifts, shielding, and structure determination

Chemical Shift Formula

δ = (νsample - νref) / νspectrometer × 10⁶

Where:

  • δ = Chemical shift in ppm (parts per million)
  • νsample = Frequency of sample signal (Hz)
  • νref = Frequency of reference signal (Hz)
  • νspectrometer = Operating frequency of NMR (Hz)

Standard References:

  • ¹H NMR: TMS (tetramethylsilane, (CH₃)₄Si) = 0.00 ppm
  • ¹³C NMR: TMS = 0.00 ppm
  • Other solvents: CDCl₃ (7.26 ppm for ¹H, 77.0 ppm for ¹³C)

¹H NMR Chemical Shift Ranges

Alkyl C-H

0.8-1.5 ppm

RCH₃, R₂CH₂, R₃CH

Highly shielded, upfield

Allylic C-H

1.6-2.0 ppm

C-CH₂-C=C

Alpha to C=O

2.0-2.5 ppm

O=C-CH₂-R, O=C-CH₃

Deshielded by carbonyl

Alkyl halide C-H

3.0-4.0 ppm

R-CH₂-Cl, R-CH₂-Br

Halogen withdraws electrons

Ether/Alcohol C-H

3.3-4.0 ppm

R-O-CH₂-R, R-CH₂-OH

Vinylic C-H

4.6-6.0 ppm

R₂C=CH₂, RC=CH-R

Alkene protons

Aromatic C-H

6.5-8.5 ppm

Benzene ring protons

Ring current effect, deshielded

Aldehyde C-H

9.0-10.0 ppm

R-CHO

Very deshielded, downfield

Carboxylic acid O-H

10-13 ppm

R-COOH

Extremely deshielded, broad peak

¹³C NMR Chemical Shift Ranges

Aliphatic C

CH₃: 10-30 ppm

CH₂: 20-40 ppm

CH: 30-50 ppm

Quaternary C: 30-40 ppm

C-O, C-N

C-O (ether/alcohol): 50-90 ppm

C-N (amine): 30-65 ppm

sp² Carbons

Alkene C=C: 100-150 ppm

Aromatic C: 110-160 ppm

Nitrile C≡N: 115-125 ppm

Carbonyl C=O

Ketone/Aldehyde: 190-220 ppm

Ester: 160-180 ppm

Carboxylic acid: 170-185 ppm

Amide: 160-180 ppm

Shielding vs Deshielding

Shielding (Upfield, Lower δ)

Cause: Electron density around nucleus increases

Effect: Nucleus experiences weaker applied field

Result: Signal appears at lower ppm (right side of spectrum)

Example: Si(CH₃)₄ (TMS) has 12 equivalent H's at 0 ppm - most shielded

Deshielding (Downfield, Higher δ)

Cause: Electron density around nucleus decreases

Effect: Nucleus experiences stronger applied field

Result: Signal appears at higher ppm (left side of spectrum)

Factors causing deshielding:

  • • Electron-withdrawing groups (O, N, Cl, Br)
  • • Aromatic ring current
  • • C=O groups (carbonyl)
  • • sp² hybridization (alkene, aromatic)

Worked Examples

Example 1: Ethyl Acetate (CH₃COOCH₂CH₃)

¹H NMR Predictions:

CH₃CO-~2.0 ppmSinglet (3H)Alpha to C=O
-OCH₂-~4.1 ppmQuartet (2H)Adjacent to O
-CH₃~1.2 ppmTriplet (3H)Alkyl CH₃

Example 2: Benzaldehyde (C₆H₅CHO)

¹H NMR Predictions:

-CHO~9.9 ppmSinglet (1H)Aldehyde proton
Ar-H~7.5-8.0 ppmMultiplet (5H)Aromatic

Example 3: 2-Propanol ((CH₃)₂CHOH)

¹H NMR Predictions:

(CH₃)₂-~1.2 ppmDoublet (6H)Coupled to CH
-CH-~4.0 ppmSeptet (1H)Adjacent to OH
-OH~2-3 ppmBroad singlet (1H)Exchangeable

Common Mistakes

⚠️

Confusing Upfield/Downfield

Downfield = higher δ (left), deshielded. Upfield = lower δ (right), shielded.

⚠️

Ignoring Integration

Peak area tells you # of equivalent protons! Always check integration.

⚠️

Forgetting OH/NH Exchange

O-H and N-H peaks are broad and variable (D₂O exchange test confirms).

💡

Pro Tip: n+1 Rule

Splitting pattern = n+1, where n = # of adjacent equivalent H's.